Attribution Theory On The Decision Making Process Of Tom...

Explain attribution theory. Draw on the mini-case to identify and explain three biases or errors that may affect the decision-making process of Tom and Amy. Discuss why attribution theory is important in relation to organisational behaviour and decision-makers in organisations. Attribution theory, as a powerful model for explaining and exploring decision making in the job selection, which helps us to determine whether an individual’s behaviour is internally or externally caused. The attribution to which behaviour is related to three factors - distinctiveness, consistency and consensus. (Robbins, Judge, Millet Boyle 2011) If behavior displays low distinctiveness (same behaviour exhibits in different situations), high consistency (behaviour does not vary), low consensus (same situations displays different behaviours), which can be regarded as external attributions and vice versa. Attribution theory assists us to explain the behavior of interviewers and interviewees in job selection. In the case of interviewers, for example, Silvester (1997) showed that the attribution theory could be used to help explain the ratings given by interviewers. Interviewers tended to give higher scores when candidates made internal, stable and controllable attributions about their performance. On the other hand, several studies have shown that nonverbal interviewee communication (eye contact, smiling, posture, interpersonal distance and gesture) significantly influences interviewers ratingShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPreface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict andRead Moredigital marketing impact on consumer buying behavior13654 Words   |  55 Pagessupply of contact lenses. Lensmart uses database and purchase information to predict the repurchase moment and produce the personalized email. This way Lensmart can sell cost-effectively to their existing customers, and automate the re-selling process. While Lensmart gains in decreased sales costs, this kind of reminder also adds value to the customer. It may strengthen customer loyalty as customers feel that Lensmart takes care of their stock and assists them to repurchase at the right timeRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesMarketing Assistant Production Manager Senior Production Editor Freelance Development Editor Senior Designer Interior Design Senior Media Editor Senior Photo Editor Production Management Cover Design Cover Credit George Hoffman Lise Johnson Sarah Vernon Amy Scholz Laura Finley Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Susan McLaughlin Kevin Murphy Laura Ierardi Allison Morris Hilary Newman mb editorial services David Levy  ©Michael Eudenbach/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book byRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesBradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your useRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesof Contents xii SECTION ONE STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Section One An Investment Perspective and Human Resources The conceptual framework for this text begins with an investment perspective for guiding managerial strategic decisions regarding human resources. Human resource management practitioners and management scholars have long advocated that human resources should be viewed from an investment perspective. 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Political Economies Free Essays

Contemporary political economies are mixtures of fascism, socialism, capitalism, anarchism, etc. Most of them stress aspects of certain systems more than those of others but in each one will find a mixture. Recent largely fascist systems are those of Mussolini’s Italy, Peron’s Argentina, Hitler’s Third Reich, Chavez’ Venezuela, and several of recent Middle Eastern regimes (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Economies or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. , Libya), Egypt, et al. So called communist regimes are also effectively fascist since they tend to be ruled by an undemocratic group of rulers†e. . , North Korea, Cuba. Welfare Statism The welfare state or, from the economic viewpoint, the mixed economy, may be understood as a combination of the principles of capitalism and socialism. Sometimes the emphasis in this system is placed not so much on economic as on certain moral considerations. Basically the welfare state consists of a legal system that aims at securing for everyone the negative right to liberty and the positive right to well being. The welfare state, which is to say most Western countries, balances the two values that together seem to its advocates to be the bedrock of a civilized society. No one ought to have his or her sovereignty seriously compromised, nor should anyone be permitted to fall below a certain standard of living. This is difficult to maintain ecause at different times one or another of these objectives will probably take priority and in mostly democratic systems political leaders will vacillate between giving more support to one or the other. The right to strike, for example, which is the negative liberty to quit one’s Job in an effort to gain respect for one’s terms of employment, may conflict with the positive right to be provided with various services–e. g. , health care, mail delivery or education. It is indeed a prominent feature of the welfare state that both negative and positive rights receive their legal protection. Negative rights involve respect for a person’s life, liberty and property–that is, everyone is by law supposed to abstain from interfering with these. Positive rights, in turn, involve respect for a person’s basic needs–that is, everyone who is unable to secure the requirements ot survival and even tlourishing is supposed to have those provided by way of the appropriate public policy (e. g. , taxation, mandated services, public education, national health care). The moral underpinnings of the welfare state can be utilitarianism, altruism or certain intuitively held moral precepts. Utilitarianism requires that all pursue the eneral welfare and whatever public policies to facilitate this were needed would be justified. Although many utilitarians believe that the general welfare is best achieved when government operates in a largely laissez-faire fashion, there is no objection to government intervention in social affairs if without those many in the society may fail to achieve a decent and prosperous form of life. Altruists, in turn, often hold that to make certain that people fulfill their primary obligation to help others, it is necessary to introduce public measures that will secure such help, given that many might wish o breach their duty to do the right thing. Finally, there is the claim that by our common intuitions it is evident that both a measure of personal liberty and social welfare must be guaranteed to all, lest the quality of life in society fall below what it should be. While people object to the welfare state from several other perspectives, it is thought by its supporters to be the most stable modern political orders. Although it is characterized by much dispute and controversy, in the long run, its supporters maintain, the system seems to be overall satisfactory and Just. How to cite Political Economies, Papers

Business Commercial Transaction

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Commercial Transaction. Answer: Parties The assignment covers the business and commercial transactions in consideration to the Australian Consumer Law and Commercial Transactions. The concerned parties in the assignment are Fred, Southpac Bank, Freds parents, John and Abacus and Associates. Fred graduated in marketing subject and started his own advertising consultancy business that succeeded until two years. He wanted to expand the business after two years of success and approached John to prepare the business plan. John was a client manager in Abacus and Associates, an accounting practice firm. John service with the firm was under an agreement that the outside clients advice should be approved and signed by the partner of the firm. Other parties i.e. Southpac Bank and Freds parents are the parties provided loan to the Fred based on the business loan provided by John and his firm. Issues In the present situation, issue that have been observed are negligent misstatement made by John and his accounting firm, Abacus and associates, Liabilities of John and accounting firm towards the Southpac Bank and Freds parents for presenting the negligent misstatement. These issues have been raised because the business plan that was created by John in approval with Abacus and Associates did not contain true and complete information. The business plan did not contain the liabilities and obligations towards John and there was no identification of national competitor in the same business industry. Fred also discovered that the business plan prepared by John and his accounting firm had understated the cost of business setup. The same business plan had been forwarded to the Southpac Bank and Freds parents to borrow loan amount for the purpose of business development. Since both the parties i.e. Freds parents and Bank had approved and sanctioned loan to Fred for 5 years period, John and A bacus and Associates are liable to provide negligent misstatement. Due to such incorrect misstatement, Fred incurred losses and was unable to pay back to the Bank loan, his parents loan amount and lease rentals. Fred had to experience legal actions from the Bank and lessors who provided the place on lease because of the incorrect and negligent misstatement. Rules According to the section 18 (1) of Australian consumer Law, any statement provided by the parties to the business or agreement is deceptive, misleading or negligent is prohibited for the business consideration (Barker 2015). It states that any statement which have been either omitted or wrongly presented and that the presence of such statement provides material information to the parties would fall under the category of negligent misstatement. Further, negligent misstatement is an actionable claim under the common law that represents the intention of the provider of the statement is to deceive the receiver of the statement. In case the negligent misstatement is proved before the court, then the party can claim for the damage as per section 236 of Australian Consumer Law (Lasker, Klein and Barago 2015). Application Considering the rules and provisions on negligent misstatement and the present situation of the case, it has been analyzed that the business plan presented to Fred was contained with negligent misstatement. John and the accounting firm, Abacus and Associates willfully omitted the terms of Johns liability and deliberately understated the cost of business setup. Further, the parties also excluded to present the identification of a national competitor of Newtown in the same industry. According to the facts of the case, John was an old friend of Fred agreed to create business development plan for Fred and presented him after few days. However, John did not get the approval from his firms partner as per the employment terms and condition. On the other hand, John handed a letter to the Bank and Fred signed by the firms partner that mentioned the parties does not own any liability for the accuracy of the information. As a matter of fact, two situations arise in the present situation, one is the omission of important information and other is misleading information in the business plan. Another situation is the presentation of letter that stated the company has no liability on accuracy of the information. According to the case decision of Google Inc v ACCC, it had been concluded that the company was not involved in presenting the misleading information since it was lack of understanding at the readers part. On the contrary, it may be noted that the business plan provided by John did not contain the correct and complete information. Hence, it can be said that the there was negligent misstatement made by John to the defendant Fred. Further, as per the common law the superior party to the contract or action for providing misleading information of misstatement by the respondent also held liable. In the present case the misleading information had been given by John but his accounting firm Abacus and Associates also held liable. According to the employment terms and conditions, John did not get the business plan approved by the firms partner but the letter has been signed. Therefore, the firm and the partners are partly responsible for approving the letter without approving the business plan. Based on the case of Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd vicarious liability had been imposed on the employer for unlawful and illegitimate acts of the employees because of the employers superiority level and authorization rights. Mere presentation of the exclusion of liability in the letter does not waive the responsibility of the superior and contractor. In addition to this, approval of bank loan was also given by Southpac Bank on the basis of Freds application as well as the business plan. In this situation the signed letter mentioning the exclusion of liability of the contractor or party to the agreement cannot be regarded as clear evidence for stating all the required material and correct information. For any business transaction or business action significant documents like agreement between the parties, documents of business plan or any other specific documents are required. All such documents should be accurately and appropriately drafted with the approval of concerned parties. In case the documents are discretely drafted with the intention to deceive the respondent party then the creator of such documents would be held liable for negligent misstatement. Moreover, the misstated business plan prepared by John and his firm also deceived Freds parents as they provided loan to Fred $20,000 to be repaid in 5 years. However, the loan from parents was taken by Fred without letting John know therefore, it can be argued that John and his firm are not directly liable for misstatement. Besides, the firm Abacus can be held vicariously liable for representing misleading information in the business plan as well as approval of letter without approving the document of business development plan. In this situation, Johns liability to the parents can be excluded as decided in the case of Olley v. Marlborough Court Hotel (1949) based on the contract law. In case of presentation of misleading document to Freds Parents by one party i.e. John can be held for vicarious liability because the disclaimer made in the letter was not a part of the business plan and agreement. Likewise, Abacus and Associates is vicariously liable to the Southpac Bank because the disclaimer in the forwarded letter was not a part of the loan application disclosures and document of business plan. Apparently, it has been clarified in the legislation that the party to the contract or agreement is required to disclose all the necessary facts including the exclusion liability clause. However, in no case the party is allowed to present the misleading or inappropriate information with the intention to deceive the other party. Accordingly, John is responsible to present the correct and accurate information in the business plan since a mere disclaimer in the letter cannot exclude his liability. Conclusion Considering the facts and discussion on the present case, it can be concluded that John presented the negligent misstatement in business development plan whereas Abacus and Associates is vicarious liable for such misstatement. Mere presentation of exclusion of liability in the letter cannot waive the responsibility of presenting the appropriate and correct information in the business plan. Therefore, John and his accounting firm both are liable for representing negligent misstatement. Further, the misstated business plan was also presented to the Southpac Bank based on which the bank approved the loan to Fred. Therefore, John is directly liable to the Southpac bank whereas Abacus and Associates is indirectly liable to the bank being a superior respondent. On the contrary, Freds parents also provided loan amounted to $20,000 on the basis of the business development plan prepared by John and his firm. Although obtaining the loan from parents was not communicated to John, he is still in directly liable to present negligent misstatement. Since the plan was made under the authority of Johns accounting firm Abacus and Associates, the firm is also indirectly liable to represent negligent misstatement and providing misleading information. Declaration of exclusion of liability in the letter does not waive off the responsibility of John and Abacus to provide correct and appropriate information of the business development plan. Reference List Barker, K., 2015. Negligent Misstatement in Australia-Resolving the Uncertain Legacy of Esanda.Ch,13, pp.319-344. Lasker, E.G., Klein, S.A. and Barago, T.F., 2015. Taking the Product out of Product Liability: Litigation Risks and Business Implications of Innovator and Co-Promoter Liability.Def. Counsel J.,82, p.295. Battistella, C., De Toni, A.F. and Pillon, R., 2015. The Extended Map methodology: Technology roadmapping for SMES clusters.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,38, pp.1-23. Dudin, M.N., Kucuri, G.N., Fedorova, I.J.E., Dzusova, S.S. and Namitulina, A.Z., 2015. The innovative business model canvas in the system of effective budgeting.Asian Social Science,11(7), pp.290-296. Frank, M.J. and Colarusso, J.C., 2016. Vicarious Liability May Apply: TCPA-Compliant Text Message Advertising in Franchise Systems.Franchise Law Journal,35(3), p.421. Lai, W.H. and Lin, C.C., 2015. Constructing business incubation service capabilities for tenants at post-entrepreneurial phase.Journal of Business Research,68(11), pp.2285-2289. Li, K.X., Wang, Y., Tang, O. and Min, J., 2016. Disclosure in insurance law: a comparative analysis.European Journal of Law and Economics,41(2), pp.349-369. Robinson, G., 2015. Construction Law-Texas Supreme Court Shields Design Professionals from Economic Liability in Negligent Misrepresentation Suits.SMUL Rev.,68, p.299. Stevenson, K., Rowbotham, J. and Lowther, J., 2015. Reparation for Betrayal of Trust in Child Sexual Abuse Cases: The Christian Duty of Care, Vicarious Liability and the Church of England.Australian Feminist Law Journal,41(2), pp.253-270. Tan, D., 2015. Internalising Externalities-An Enterprise Risk Approach to Vicarious Liability in the 21st Century.SAcLJ,27, p.822. Tyagi, S., Choudhary, A., Cai, X. and Yang, K., 2015. Value stream mapping to reduce the lead-time of a product development process.International Journal of Production Economics,160, pp.202-212. Winer, L., 2015. Adding Skill Development to Graduate Marketing: A Case History. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 284-288). Springer International Publishing.